For small countries with advanced S&T capacity, science diplomacy has a different focus from larger nations. It is essential in projecting New Zealand’s profile and leveraging limited resources.

Since the end of apartheid, South Africa has used science as a way to rebuild relationships and advance science.

Science is taking an even more prominent role in how the U.S. Department of State builds and manages international relationships.

The EU and the United States should enhance and expand scientific academic programs and build ties with countries in Eastern Europe.

The Nunn-Lugar program demonstrates the importance of international scientific engagement in efforts to reduce the spread of dangerous weapons and material.

Scientific collaboration might offer one of the most promising ways for the United States to build a strong relationship with Kazakhstan.