Analysing S&T cooperation between the EU and China in the field of solar PV, the article concludes that the concept of science diplomacy is difficult to pursue in a relatively mature technological domain, with clear commercial interests at stake.
As the world moves to a militarized space, the European Union may have the tools to assist in the establishment of confidence building measures between China, Russia, and the United States in the domain of space.
Science diplomacy is becoming an increasingly visible part of the European Union's foreign policy, and it has evolved beyond science for continental strength to science for global hope.
The European Union and Russia are working together to identify and solve shared societal challenges through scientific collaborations, even during times of political tension.
Iran’s electricity exports, untouched by European and U.S. sanctions, serve as an alternative outlet for Iran’s extensive natural gas reserves and also support Iran's aspirations of long-term regional influence.
The EU can play a more significant role in the diplomacy of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict through more focused, intensive, and extensive support for S&T projects in the Palestinian private sector.
An integrated science diplomacy agenda could further bolster the transatlantic relationship by better linking S&T collaboration to policy cooperation, two elements that are individually strong but often not well coupled.
ITER provides lessons for negotiating large-scale, capital-intensive international projects. Success depends on political goodwill, compromise, and a common understanding of project management.
